Agriculture · 2022
The Impact of Traffic-Induced Compaction on Soil Bulk Density, Soil Stress Distribution and Key Growth Indicators of Maize in North China Plain
Wang, X., He, J., Bai, M., Liu, L., Gao, S., Chen, K., Zhuang, H.
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The Impact of Traffic-Induced Compaction on Soil Bulk Densit…
Abstract
The traffic-induced soil compaction in the field has gradually become an important constraint to sustainable agricultural development. A field experiment was conducted to acquire the stress transmitted caused by multiple passes with different types of tractors and to investigate the impact of these stresses on soil bulk density and crop growth. The experiment applied two tractors with different masses: LOVOL M904 (HC) and John Deer 280 (LC), and six different treatments of 0 (C0), 1 (C1), 3 (C3), 5 (C5), 7 (C7), and 9 (C9) tractor passes for each tractor. The results showed that at each number of passes, tractors with small axle-loads at 0–20 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress, while tractors with large axle-loads at 20–80 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, when the number of continuous passes is less than 7 times, the passes of a small axle-load tractor lead to larger soil bulk density, and when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density. At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density. In this study, different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize, resulting in yield reductions. The effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yield increased significantly with the number of compaction passes, with 1–5 tractor passes having no significant effect on yield and 7–9 passes producing greater yield reductions for HC. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the selection of agricultural machinery and reasonable tillage technology.
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The traffic-induced soil compaction in the field has gradually become an important constraint to sustainable agricultural development. A field experiment was conducted to acquire the stress transmitted caused by multiple passes with different types of tractors and to investigate the impact of these stresses on soil bulk density and crop growth. The experiment applied two tractors with different masses: LOVOL M904 (HC) and John Deer 280 (LC), and six different treatments of 0 (C0), 1 (C1), 3 (C3), 5 (C5), 7 (C7), and 9 (C9) tractor passes for each tractor. The results showed that at each number of passes, tractors with small axle-loads at 0–20 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress, while tractors with large axle-loads at 20–80 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, when the number of continuous passes is less than 7 times, the passes of a small axle-load tractor lead to larger soil bulk density, and when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density. At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density. In this study, different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize, resulting in yield reductions. The effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yield increased significantly with the number of compaction passes, with 1–5 tractor passes having no significant effect on yield and 7–9 passes producing greater yield reductions for HC. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the selection of agricultural machinery and reasonable tillage technology.
The traffic-induced soil compaction in the field has gradually become an important constraint to sustainable agricultural development. A field experiment was conducted to acquire the stress transmitted caused by multiple passes with different types of tractors and to investigate the impact of these stresses on soil bulk density and crop growth. The experiment applied two tractors with different masses: LOVOL M904 (HC) and John Deer 280 (LC), and six different treatments of 0 (C0), 1 (C1), 3 (C3), 5 (C5), 7 (C7), and 9 (C9) tractor passes for each tractor. The results showed that at each number of passes, tractors with small axle-loads at 0–20 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress, while tractors with large axle-loads at 20–80 cm depth generated higher soil additional stress. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, when the number of continuous passes is less than 7 times, the passes of a small axle-load tractor lead to larger soil bulk density, and when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density. At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density. In this study, different levels of tractor compaction inhibited key growth indicators of maize, resulting in yield reductions. The effect of different tractor load compaction on maize yield increased significantly with the number of compaction passes, with 1–5 tractor passes having no significant effect on yield and 7–9 passes producing greater yield reductions for HC. This study will provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the selection of agricultural machinery and reasonable tillage technology.
Findings
What changed what, as the paper reports it. Grouped by the measured property. The largest groups are open; open the others as you need them.
soil bulk density
3
- decrease
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · 0–20 cm · Science park of China Agricultural University · 0–20 cm; matched1,3,5 passes (<7)
Source · p. 7 “In the 0–20 cm soil layer, when the number of continuous passes is less than 7, the compaction of a small axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density”
- increase
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · 0–20 cm · Science park of China Agricultural University · 0–20 cm;9 passes (>7)
Source · p. 7 “when the number of continuous passes is more than 7, the compaction of large axle-load tractor leads to larger soil bulk density.”
- increase
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · 20–80 cm · Science park of China Agricultural University · 20–80 cm;matched1,3,5,7,9 passes
Source · p. 7 “At depths of 20–80 cm, compaction by the large axle-load tractors results in larger soil bulk density.”
maize yield
↓ 2= 13
- decrease
C3,C5,C7,C9 agreeing yield variants vs. C0significant · two-year mean · Science park of China Agricultural University · Both tractors,3,5,7,9 passes;Figure10 double ※;not abstract's HC–LC null
Source · p. 11 “both kinds of tractor compaction will reduce maize yield, and when the number of passes is greater than or equal to 3, it will significantly reduce maize yield.”
- no effect
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280not significant · two-year mean · Science park of China Agricultural University · Matched1,3,5 passes;Figure10 a/a
Source · p. 11 “Compared with the John Deer 280 tractor, the LOVOL M904 tractor reduces maize yield more significantly, but there was no large difference from 1 to 5 passes”
- decrease
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significant · two-year mean · Science park of China Agricultural University · Matched7,9 passes;Figure10 HC b vs LC a
Source · p. 12 “difference began to appear in the 7 and 9 passes of the tractor, and the 4155 kg tractor reduced maize yield by 5.27% and 6.66%, respectively.”
additional soil stress
2
- decrease
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · 0–20 cm · Science park of China Agricultural University · 0–20 cm; matched1,3,5,7,9 passes
Source · p. 6 “the additional stress generated by small tractors was, respectively, 32.3%, 39.3%, 34.9%, 33.3%, and 31.4% higher than that of large tractors”
- increase
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · 20–80 cm · Science park of China Agricultural University · 20–80 cm; matched1,3,5,7,9 passes
Source · p. 6 “the average stress of the large tractor was, respectively, 54.3%, 22.3%, 16.2%, 22.5%, and 12.2% higher than that of the small tractor in soils from 20 to 80 cm depth.”
maize height
↓ 1= 12
- decrease
C1,C3,C5,C7,C9, agreeing traffic variants vs. C0significant · maturity; two-year mean · Science park of China Agricultural University · Both tractors,1,3,5,7,9 passes; no chart means
Source · p. 8 “Soil compaction caused by tractors will significantly reduce the height of maize.”
- no effect
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280not significant · Science park of China Agricultural University · matched pass treatments, two-year growth data
Source · p. 9 “there is no significant difference in the effect of soil compaction caused by two tractors with different weights on maize height.”
maize stem diameter
↓ 22
- decrease
C1,C3,C5,C7,C9, agreeing traffic variants vs. C0significant · maturity; two-year mean · Science park of China Agricultural University · Both tractors,1,3,5,7,9 passes
Source · p. 8 “Soil compaction caused by tractors will significantly reduce the diameter of maize stems.”
- decrease
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significant · Science park of China Agricultural University · matched pass treatments, two-year growth data
Source · p. 8 “Compared with the John Deer 280 tractor, soil compaction caused by LOVOL M904 (Weizhai Leiwo Heavy Industry Co. Ltd., Weifang, China) has a more significant reduction effect on the diameter”
leaf area index
↓ 12
- decrease
C1,C3,C5,C7,C9, agreeing traffic variants vs. C0significant · elongation, pustulation and maturity · Science park of China Agricultural University · Both tractors,1,3,5,7,9 passes; Figure7 C0a vs trafficb–f
Source · p. 9 “Under the two axial tractor compaction conditions, the maize leaf area index decreased with the increase in the number of passes.”
- decrease
HC, LOVOLM904 vs. LC, John Deer280significance not stated · two-year mean across maize growth measurements · Science park of China Agricultural University · HC versus LC at matched1,3,5,7,9 tractor passes; average LAI. Figure7 letters test traffic treatments within each tractor, not between tractors.
Source · p. 9 “the average leaf area index of maize under the LOVOL M904 tractor with 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 passed decreased by 3.01%, 3.16%, 5.34%, 6.16%, and 7.90%, respectively.”
proportion of maize root content
↑ 1↓ 12
- increase
C5,C7,C9 agreeing root-share variants vs. C0significant · 0–10 cm · maturity · Science park of China Agricultural University · 0–10 cm;both tractors,C5,C7,C9;root mass share, not total biomass
Source · p. 10 “soil compaction can significantly increase maize root content in the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and decrease it in the deep soil layer (10–40 cm).”
- decrease
C5,C7,C9 agreeing root-share variants vs. C0significant · 10–40 cm · maturity · Science park of China Agricultural University · 10–40 cm;both tractors,C5,C7,C9;Figure9 .05 letters per10cm layer
Source · p. 10 “soil compaction can significantly increase maize root content in the top soil layer (0–10 cm) and decrease it in the deep soil layer (10–40 cm).”
Set-up
Treatments
- tractor axle loadField traffic
- HC, LOVOLM904Field trafficLC, John Deer280Field traffic
- number of tractor passesField traffic
- C1,C3,C5,C7,C9, agreeing traffic variantsField trafficC0No field trafficC5,C7,C9 agreeing root-share variantsField trafficC1Field trafficC3,C5,C7,C9 agreeing yield variantsField traffic
Measured
- additional soil stressSoil stress under wheel load
- Unit
- kPa
- Method
- vibrating wire transducer
- soil bulk densityBulk density
- Unit
- g cm-3
- Method
- steel cylinders; drying108°C
- maize heightPlant height
- Unit
- cm
- maize stem diameterStem diameter
- Unit
- mm
- leaf area indexLeaf area index (LAI)
- Method
- SunScan canopy analyzer
- proportion of maize root contentRoot biomass
- Unit
- %
- Method
- profile excavation; dry root mass per depth divided by total
- maize yieldYield
- Unit
- kg ha-1
- Method
- sampled ears and hundred-grain weight; equation1
Sites
Science park of China Agricultural University
- Location
- Dongchengfang Town, Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province, China39.35° N, 115.73° E
- Climate
- 11.2–12.1 °C mean annual temperature480–490 mm annual precipitation
- Land use
- winter wheat–summer maize biannual cropArable land
- Management on the whole site
- winter wheat–summer maize rotationCrop rotation, deep sub-soilingSubsoiling
| Depth | Texture | Clay | pH | Organic C | Bulk density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–20 cm | Loamy soil | 10.6 % (<0.002 mm) | 7.6 | – | 1.22 g cm-3 |
| 20–40 cm | Loamy soil | 14.9 % (<0.002 mm) | 7.9 | – | 1.33 g cm-3 |
| 40–60 cm | Sandy loam soil | 9.8 % (<0.002 mm) | 7.5 | – | 1.42 g cm-3 |
| 60–80 cm | Sandy loam soil | 7.7 % (<0.002 mm) | 7.8 | – | 1.58 g cm-3 |
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