Agriculture · 2022
Wheat Crop Yield and Changes in Soil Biological and Heavy Metals Status in a Sandy Soil Amended with Biochar and Irrigated with Drainage Water
Abd El-Azeim, M. M., Menesi, A. M., Abd El-Mageed, M. M., Lemanowicz, J., Haddad, S. A.
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Wheat Crop Yield and Changes in Soil Biological and Heavy Me…
Abstract
The current research aims to study the impacts of adding corncob biochar to a sandy soil irrigated with drainage water on wheat productivity, heavy metals fate, and some soil properties that reflect healthy soil conditions. This research consists of two separate experiments under field (lysimeters) and pot incubation conditions conducted on sandy soil irrigated with drainage water and treated with corncob biochar at the rate of 0.0, 1, 2, and 3% as mixing or mulching. Results specified that drainage water electrical conductivity value (5.89 dS m−1) lies under the degree of restriction on use of “Severe”, indicating that nonstop irrigation with such drainage water may cause a severe salinity problem in soil in the long run. A comparison of heavy metal concentrations of biochar-treated soils with the control showed that total heavy metals had accumulated significantly in the topsoil layer. Most of the available heavy metal concentrations in all soil leachate fractions were below the method detection limits. Mean concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in wheat crops were far below the concentrations considered phytotoxic to wheat plants. More than 90% of the Ni, Cd, and Pb contained in the drainage water of the Al-Moheet drain were significantly present (p ≤ 0.05) and adsorbed by biochar in the top 20 cm of soil lysimeters, indicating the high biochar adsorptive capacity of heavy metals. Total counts of bacteria and fungi gradually and significantly increased over the soil incubation time despite irrigation with contaminated drainage water. Soil resistance index (SRI) values for microbial biomass were positive throughout the experiment and increased significantly as the application rate of corncob biochar increased. These results indicated the high feasibility of using corncob biochar at a rate of 3% to temporarily improve the health of sandy soil despite irrigation with drainage water.
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The current research aims to study the impacts of adding corncob biochar to a sandy soil irrigated with drainage water on wheat productivity, heavy metals fate, and some soil properties that reflect healthy soil conditions. This research consists of two separate experiments under field (lysimeters) and pot incubation conditions conducted on sandy soil irrigated with drainage water and treated with corncob biochar at the rate of 0.0, 1, 2, and 3% as mixing or mulching. Results specified that drainage water electrical conductivity value (5.89 dS m−1) lies under the degree of restriction on use of “Severe”, indicating that nonstop irrigation with such drainage water may cause a severe salinity problem in soil in the long run. A comparison of heavy metal concentrations of biochar-treated soils with the control showed that total heavy metals had accumulated significantly in the topsoil layer. Most of the available heavy metal concentrations in all soil leachate fractions were below the method detection limits. Mean concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in wheat crops were far below the concentrations considered phytotoxic to wheat plants. More than 90% of the Ni, Cd, and Pb contained in the drainage water of the Al-Moheet drain were significantly present (p ≤ 0.05) and adsorbed by biochar in the top 20 cm of soil lysimeters, indicating the high biochar adsorptive capacity of heavy metals. Total counts of bacteria and fungi gradually and significantly increased over the soil incubation time despite irrigation with contaminated drainage water. Soil resistance index (SRI) values for microbial biomass were positive throughout the experiment and increased significantly as the application rate of corncob biochar increased. These results indicated the high feasibility of using corncob biochar at a rate of 3% to temporarily improve the health of sandy soil despite irrigation with drainage water.
The current research aims to study the impacts of adding corncob biochar to a sandy soil irrigated with drainage water on wheat productivity, heavy metals fate, and some soil properties that reflect healthy soil conditions. This research consists of two separate experiments under field (lysimeters) and pot incubation conditions conducted on sandy soil irrigated with drainage water and treated with corncob biochar at the rate of 0.0, 1, 2, and 3% as mixing or mulching. Results specified that drainage water electrical conductivity value (5.89 dS m−1) lies under the degree of restriction on use of “Severe”, indicating that nonstop irrigation with such drainage water may cause a severe salinity problem in soil in the long run. A comparison of heavy metal concentrations of biochar-treated soils with the control showed that total heavy metals had accumulated significantly in the topsoil layer. Most of the available heavy metal concentrations in all soil leachate fractions were below the method detection limits. Mean concentrations of Ni, Cd, and Pb in wheat crops were far below the concentrations considered phytotoxic to wheat plants. More than 90% of the Ni, Cd, and Pb contained in the drainage water of the Al-Moheet drain were significantly present (p ≤ 0.05) and adsorbed by biochar in the top 20 cm of soil lysimeters, indicating the high biochar adsorptive capacity of heavy metals. Total counts of bacteria and fungi gradually and significantly increased over the soil incubation time despite irrigation with contaminated drainage water. Soil resistance index (SRI) values for microbial biomass were positive throughout the experiment and increased significantly as the application rate of corncob biochar increased. These results indicated the high feasibility of using corncob biochar at a rate of 3% to temporarily improve the health of sandy soil despite irrigation with drainage water.
Findings
What changed what, as the paper reports it. Grouped by the measured property. The largest groups are open; open the others as you need them.
grain Cd concentration
↓ 1= 12
- decrease
3% corncob biochar mulch vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%mulchonly;Table9grainCdb/a,Duncan.05;3%incsharesa,separate null.
Numbers
- treatment 0.21 vs. control 1.06 mg kg-1 (-80.19 %) · 3%mulch
Source · p. 12 “The application of biochar significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the concentration of heavy metals in wheat tissues and grain compared to the control”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 12.10 ab | 31.20 ab | 4.40 b | 8.57 a | 20.30 a | 0.21 b |”
- no effect
3% corncob biochar incorporated vs. 0% controlnot significant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%incorporation only;Table9grainCdab/a,Duncan.05,qualifies broaddecreaseclaim;lower incorporated rates differ.
Numbers
- treatment 0.19 vs. control 1.06 mg kg-1 (-82.08 %) · 3%incorporation
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a * | 30.30 b | 4.60 d | 7.93 a | 20.87 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 11.60 ab | 30.20 ab | 4.40 b | 7.90 a | 20.60 a | 0.19 ab |”
wheat grain yield
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest,160day crop · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%preferred rate,both methods;Duncan.05a/d.
Numbers
- treatment 6.94 vs. control 4.75 t ha-1 (+46.11 %) · incorporation
- treatment 6.91 vs. control 4.75 t ha-1 (+45.47 %) · mulch
Source · p. 8 “| 3% | 10.69 a | 43.28 a | 6.94 a | 8.81 a | 15.75 a | 44.06 |”
Source · p. 8 “the highest values were recorded under 3% biochar treatment”
wheat straw yield
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods,Duncan.05a/c.
Numbers
- treatment 8.81 vs. control 6.63 t ha-1 (+32.88 %) · incorporation
- treatment 8.97 vs. control 6.63 t ha-1 (+35.29 %) · mulch
Source · p. 8 “| 3% | 10.69 a | 43.28 a | 6.94 a | 8.81 a | 15.75 a | 44.06 |”
Source · p. 8 “the highest values were recorded under 3% biochar treatment”
wheat biological yield
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods,Duncan.05a/c.
Numbers
- treatment 15.75 vs. control 11.38 t ha-1 (+38.4 %) · incorporation
- treatment 15.88 vs. control 11.38 t ha-1 (+39.54 %) · mulch
Source · p. 8 “| 3% | 10.69 a | 43.28 a | 6.94 a | 8.81 a | 15.75 a | 44.06 |”
Source · p. 8 “the highest values were recorded under 3% biochar treatment”
spike length
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,identical printed means in both methods;each Duncan.05a/b.
Numbers
- treatment 10.69 vs. control 9.55 cm (+11.94 %) · same means printed for each method,n3each,not n6average
Source · p. 8 “| 3% | 10.69 a | 43.28 a | 6.94 a | 8.81 a | 15.75 a | 44.06 |”
Source · p. 8 “the highest values were recorded under 3% biochar treatment”
1000-grain weight
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,identical printed means in both methods;each Duncan.05a/b.
Numbers
- treatment 43.28 vs. control 40.13 g (+7.849 %) · same means printed for each method,n3each,not n6average
Source · p. 8 “| 3% | 10.69 a | 43.28 a | 6.94 a | 8.81 a | 15.75 a | 44.06 |”
Source · p. 8 “the highest values were recorded under 3% biochar treatment”
soil pH
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05 decrease overrides prose increase;outcome pH assay unstated,baseline H2O/CaCl2 distinction may confound.
Numbers
- treatment 8.22 vs. control 8.59 (-4.307 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 9 “0% 0.015 c* 8.59 a”
Source · p. 9 “3% 0.08 a 8.22 c”
soil CEC
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05a/d;no assumed measurement depth.
Numbers
- treatment 11.3 vs. control 3.6 cmol(+) kg-1 (+213.9 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 8 “significantly increased certain soil chemical properties such as pH, CEC, OM, EC, and total N compared to the control”
soil EC
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05a/c;no assumed depth.
Numbers
- treatment 2.36 vs. control 1.56 dS m-1 (+51.28 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 8 “significantly increased certain soil chemical properties such as pH, CEC, OM, EC, and total N compared to the control”
soil organic matter
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05a/d;no assumed depth.
Numbers
- treatment 0.89 vs. control 0.28 % (+217.9 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 8 “significantly increased certain soil chemical properties such as pH, CEC, OM, EC, and total N compared to the control”
soil total nitrogen
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05a/c;no assumed depth.
Numbers
- treatment 0.08 vs. control 0.015 % (+433.3 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 8 “significantly increased certain soil chemical properties such as pH, CEC, OM, EC, and total N compared to the control”
water holding capacity
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · Table5 averages methods;3%;Duncan.05a/d;not all moisture constants increase(PWPnull).
Numbers
- treatment 25.14 vs. control 19.22 % (+30.8 %) · methods averaged
Source · p. 8 “significant improvements in certain sandy soil physical properties, such as decreasing the bulk density and increasing water moisture constants”
soil bulk density
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3% among all rates explicitly stated p8;no outcome BD numbers provided,no assumed depth.
Source · p. 8 “significant improvements in certain sandy soil physical properties, such as decreasing the bulk density and increasing water moisture constants, were observed at all application rates of corncob biochar compared to the control.”
Ni in leachate
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 150days,final leachate · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table6Duncan.05,b/a;finalevent focus conclusionp16,not universal earlytime claim.
Numbers
- treatment 1.61 vs. control 6.09 mg L-1 (-73.56 %) · 150days · incorporation
- treatment 0.78 vs. control 6.07 mg L-1 (-87.15 %) · 150days · mulch
Source · p. 9 “Leachate concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd in biochar treatments were significantly lower than the control”
Source · p. 9 “1.61 b | 0.78 b”
Pb in leachate
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 150days,final leachate · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table6Duncan.05,bc/aandc/a.
Numbers
- treatment 1.07 vs. control 4.78 mg L-1 (-77.62 %) · 150days · incorporation
- treatment 0.89 vs. control 4.11 mg L-1 (-78.35 %) · 150days · mulch
Source · p. 9 “Leachate concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd in biochar treatments were significantly lower than the control”
Source · p. 9 “1.07 bc | 0.89 c”
Cd in leachate
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 150days,final leachate · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table6Duncan.05,d/aandd/b;no UMDL zero assumption.
Numbers
- treatment 0.05 vs. control 0.67 mg L-1 (-92.54 %) · 150days · incorporation
- treatment 0.07 vs. control 0.34 mg L-1 (-79.41 %) · 150days · mulch
Source · p. 9 “Leachate concentrations of Ni, Pb, and Cd in biochar treatments were significantly lower than the control”
Source · p. 9 “0.05 d | 0.07 d”
total soil Ni
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table7Duncan.05 differentletters;tableconcentrationunits not prosekg/ha;contradictory insignificant prose qualified.
Numbers
- treatment 59.6 vs. control 48.27 mg kg-1 (+23.47 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 58.6 vs. control 46.2 mg kg-1 (+26.84 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “The addition of biochar resulted in higher metal loadings for the 3% biochar rate compared to the control”
Source · p. 10 “3% 59.60 a 81.50 a”
total soil Pb
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table7Duncan.05a/d;concentration notstock.
Numbers
- treatment 81.5 vs. control 58.2 mg kg-1 (+40.03 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 80.3 vs. control 58.2 mg kg-1 (+37.97 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “The addition of biochar resulted in higher metal loadings for the 3% biochar rate compared to the control”
Source · p. 10 “3% 59.60 a 81.50 a”
total soil Cd
= 11
- no effect
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlnot significant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods,Table7totalCdalllettera;qualifies abstract significant totalmetals claim.
Numbers
- treatment 6.4 vs. control 4.6 mg kg-1 (+39.13 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 5.9 vs. control 4.6 mg kg-1 (+28.26 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “insignificant increases (p ≤ 0.05) in the surface accumulation (top 20 cm of soil) of total heavy metals”
Source · p. 10 “6.40 a”
extractable soil Ni
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table7Duncan.05a/b.
Numbers
- treatment 3.27 vs. control 1.37 mg kg-1 (+138.7 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 3.47 vs. control 1.37 mg kg-1 (+153.3 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “the addition of biochar resulted in significant increases in extractable heavy metals under investigation (Ni, Pb, and Cd).”
extractable soil Pb
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table7Duncan.05a/d.
Numbers
- treatment 5.23 vs. control 1.53 mg kg-1 (+241.8 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 5.03 vs. control 1.53 mg kg-1 (+228.8 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “the addition of biochar resulted in significant increases in extractable heavy metals under investigation (Ni, Pb, and Cd).”
extractable soil Cd
↑ 11
- increase
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · 0–20 cm · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table7Duncan.05a/dandab/d;not totalCd test transferred.
Numbers
- treatment 1.05 vs. control 0.04 mg kg-1 (+2,525 %) · 0–20 cm · incorporation
- treatment 1.05 vs. control 0.04 mg kg-1 (+2,525 %) · 0–20 cm · mulch
Source · p. 10 “the addition of biochar resulted in significant increases in extractable heavy metals under investigation (Ni, Pb, and Cd).”
grain Ni concentration
= 11
- no effect
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlnot significant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table9grainNialllettera;qualifies broadprose metaldecrease.
Numbers
- treatment 7.9 vs. control 7.93 mg kg-1 (-0.3783 %) · incorporation
- treatment 8.57 vs. control 8.63 mg kg-1 (-0.6952 %) · mulch
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a * | 30.30 b | 4.60 d | 7.93 a | 20.87 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 11.60 ab | 30.20 ab | 4.40 b | 7.90 a | 20.60 a | 0.19 ab |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a | 32.30 b | 4.50 d | 8.63 a | 20.83 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 12.10 ab | 31.20 ab | 4.40 b | 8.57 a | 20.30 a | 0.21 b |”
grain Pb concentration
= 11
- no effect
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlnot significant · harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%,both methods;Table9grainPballlettera;qualifies broadprose metaldecrease.
Numbers
- treatment 20.6 vs. control 20.87 mg kg-1 (-1.294 %) · incorporation
- treatment 20.3 vs. control 20.83 mg kg-1 (-2.544 %) · mulch
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a * | 30.30 b | 4.60 d | 7.93 a | 20.87 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 11.60 ab | 30.20 ab | 4.40 b | 7.90 a | 20.60 a | 0.19 ab |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a | 32.30 b | 4.50 d | 8.63 a | 20.83 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 12.10 ab | 31.20 ab | 4.40 b | 8.57 a | 20.30 a | 0.21 b |”
Cd concentration in wheat tissues
↓ 11
- decrease
3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variants vs. 0% controlsignificant · wheat harvest · private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate · 3%biochar; incorporation and mulch tested separately; wheat tissues, distinct from Table9 grain concentration. Duncan.05 tissueCd b/d for each method. Broad prose about all metals is not extended to tissueNi/Pb whose 3%pairs share letters. No claim about unplanted incubation or tissue mass/stock.
Numbers
- treatment 4.4 vs. control 4.6 mg kg-1 (-4.348 %) · wheat harvest · Incorporation; wheat tissueCd4.40b/4.60d.
- treatment 4.4 vs. control 4.5 mg kg-1 (-2.222 %) · wheat harvest · Mulch; wheat tissueCd4.40b/4.50d.
Source · p. 12 “The application of biochar significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased the concentration of heavy metals in wheat tissues and grain compared to the control”
Source · p. 11 “| | 0% | 15.50 a * | 30.30 b | 4.60 d | 7.93 a | 20.87 a | 1.06 a |”
Source · p. 11 “| | 3% | 11.60 ab | 30.20 ab | 4.40 b | 7.90 a | 20.60 a | 0.19 ab |”
Set-up
Treatments
- corncob biochar applicationBiochar
- 0% controlNo biochar3% corncob biochar, incorporation and mulching agreeing variantsBiochar3% corncob biochar incorporatedBiochar3% corncob biochar mulchBiochar
Measured
- wheat grain yieldYield
- Unit
- t ha-1
- wheat straw yieldPlant biomass
- Unit
- t ha-1
- wheat biological yieldPlant biomass
- Unit
- t ha-1
- spike lengthEar length
- Unit
- cm
- 1000-grain weightThousand kernel weight
- Unit
- g
- soil pHpH
- soil CECCation exchange capacity
- Unit
- cmol(+) kg-1
- soil ECElectrical conductivity
- Unit
- dS m-1
- soil organic matter
- Unit
- %
- soil total nitrogenTotal Nitrogen
- Unit
- %
- water holding capacityWater-holding capacity
- Unit
- %
- soil bulk densityBulk density
- Unit
- g cm-3
- Ni in leachateTotal Nickel
- Unit
- mg L-1
- Pb in leachateTotal Lead/Pb
- Unit
- mg L-1
- Cd in leachateTotal Cadmium/Cd
- Unit
- mg L-1
- total soil NiTotal Nickel
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- Method
- aqua regia,electrothermal AAS
- total soil PbTotal Lead/Pb
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- Method
- aqua regia,electrothermal AAS
- total soil CdTotal Cadmium/Cd
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- Method
- aqua regia,electrothermal AAS
- extractable soil NiTotal Nickel
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- extractable soil PbTotal Lead/Pb
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- extractable soil CdTotal Cadmium/Cd
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- grain Cd concentrationTotal Cadmium/Cd
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- grain Ni concentrationTotal Nickel
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- grain Pb concentrationTotal Lead/Pb
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- Cd concentration in wheat tissuesTotal Cadmium/Cd
- Unit
- mg kg-1
- Method
- Boiling aqua regia digestion and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry; Table9 wheat tissues, described as wheat straw in Results p12; separate from grains.
Sites
private farm, Shosha district, El-Minia Governorate
- Location
- El-Minia Governorate, Egypt (province coordinates)28.12° N, 30.73° E
- Climate
- 25 mm annual precipitation
- Land use
- newly reclaimed irrigated sandy fieldPermanently irrigated land
- Management on the whole site
- wheat Giza171Wheat/Triticum aestivum, Al-Moheet drainage water flood irrigationWastewater irrigation
| Depth | Texture | Clay | pH | Organic C | Bulk density |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–30 cm | Sand | 2.56 % | 8.59 | 1.62 g kg-1 | 1.63 g cm-3 |
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