The effect of tillage depth and traffic management on soil properties and root development during two growth stages of winter wheat ( <i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.)

The management of agricultural soils during crop establishment can affect root development due to changes in the soil structure. This paper assesses the influence of tillage depth (250 mm, 100 mm, and zero tillage) and traffic management (conventional tyre pressure, low tyre pressure, and no traffic) on wheat root system architecture during winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) tillering and flowering growth stages (GS) at a long-term tillage trial site. The study revealed that zero-tillage systems increased crop yield through significantly greater root biomass ( P &lt; 0.001), root length density, and deeper seminal rooting analysed using X-ray computed tomography (CT) ( P &lt; 0.001) compared with trafficked treatments. In general, conventional-pressure traffic had a significant negative influence on the crop yield ( P &lt; 0.01), root development (0.001), bulk density ( P &lt; 0.05), and total soil porosity ( P &lt; 0.05) of deep- and shallow-tillage conventional-pressure systems compared with no-traffic zero- and deep-tillage systems. Visual improvements in soil structure under zero-tillage conditions may have improved crop rooting in zero-tillage treatments through vertical pore fissures (biopores), enhancing water uptake during the crop flowering period. This study highlights the increasing implications of soil structural damage on root system architecture created by machinery traffic in crop production. Although the tillage method was less important, the constricted root systems were more pronounced in conventional-pressure shallow-tillage and deep-tillage systems, emphasizing the importance of using controlled-traffic farming methods to improve soil management and reduce the trafficked areas of agricultural fields.